
I think the main goal of the father in this story is to prepare his son to live a life after the father has passed away. He continually emphasizes that they are the "good people" and that they "carry the fire". For example, when the pair comes across a group of emaciated individuals trapped in a cellar waiting to be eaten alive, the boy is shown the true repulsion of what human beings are capable of doing in order to survive. I think the film put a bigger emphasis on this scene, more so than the novel, because the way this group of people resorted to cannibalism is so horrifying and shocking. Yes, they were trying to survive, but what the father is trying to show his son is that there are other ways to survive, and killing is not one of them. The boy asks his father if they would ever eat anyone, even if they were starving, and his father responds with, "we're starving now". He is telling his son that they are in the same situation as the other people, but they are choosing to be "good".
I think the boy's essential goodness is so clear throughout both the novel and the film, especially in his scenes involving the man who stole the cart and Ely. The boy is so unwilling to see them get hurt, and he even wants to give the men food so that they will not die.
The ending of the novel and the film were very similar in my opinion. The only difference that the film contained for me was seeing the family who was going to take the boy in, including the two children, one of which was a boy seen earlier in the novel/film. I think when the boy was deciding whether or not to join the family at the end, and he asks the man if he is "carrying the fire," this is showing that the boy will continue down the path that his father hoped he would. What I took away from this story was that the boy did find other "good" people left in the world, and I think that is significant because it provides a sense of hope.